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What Is A Mathematically Analyble Refinement - 757 Words

D.Thompson, Desmond G.Higginsand and Toby J.Gibson [1] innovated pairwise alignment of very closely related sequence can be carried out very accurately, and this guarantees a mathematically optimal alignment. It is very useful starting point for as it helps define the major blocks of similarity manual refinement. W J Wilbur and David J Lipman [2] developed a global algorithm for comparing two Amino acid sequences, and also the algorithm involves the construction of an optimal alignment. It is an algorithm for fast alignment and comparison of two nuclide acid and amino acid sequence, the number of protein molecules and nucleic acid fragments for which the sequences have been determined has grown into the thousands, it has become clear that†¦show more content†¦The IRIS trial was the ï ¬ rst randomized trial to demonstrate the prognostic signiï ¬ cance of monitoring BCR-ABL transcripts by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Analyses presented in this document were based on patients with at least 1 PCR assessment who were treated with ï ¬ rst-line imatinib treatment. In addition, summary statistics (mean, medians, and quartiles) of BCR-ABL ratios at each time point were calculated. The data were graphically displayed. Mohamad Mohty, Agnes S.M.Young, Richard M.Szydlo [6] It uses Kaplan-Meier method, and groups were compared using the log-rank test. Genes or parameters identiï ¬ ed from the uni-variate analysis with P values of less than the specific count, and a forward and backward procedure was used to find the best model to predict the survival. Luthra R, Patel KP, Reddy NG [7] It performs sequencing using Ion TorrentPersonal Genome Machine, Library preparation and sequencing on IT-PGM was performed. To measure the mutation detection sensitivity, it sequenced H2122 cell line DNA diluted into HL60 cell line DNA to provide different levels of H2122 DNA. Sequencing results from two independent experiments showed efficient detection of these two mutations. Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M [8] It performs sequence data alignment and assembly features, Automated multiple sequence

Economic Online Colleges Or Universities Are Made To Offer Training

Question: Background One of the biggest challenges in the higher education sector has been the recent growth of online universities. The Online Education Database is an independent organisation whose mission is to build a comprehensive list of accredited online colleges. The Excel spreadsheet (OnlineEdu.xlsx) contains data on the retention rate (%) and the graduation rate (%) for 29 online colleges in the United States. Instructions (a) Provide a descriptive analysis of the two variables (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). (b) Develop a scatter diagram with retention rate as the independent variable. What does the scatter diagram indicate about the relationship between the two variables? (c) Develop and estimate a regression equation that can be used to predict the graduation rate (%) given the retention rate (%). (d) State the estimated regression equation and interpret the meaning of the slope coefficient. (e) Is there a statistically significant association between graduation rate (%) and retention rate (%). What is your conclusion? (f) Did the regression equation provide a good fit? Explain. (g) Suppose you were the president of South University. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? (h) Suppose you were the president of the University of Phoenix. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? Your report needs to be structured as follows: (1)Purpose (2) Background (3) Method (4) Results (5) Discussion (6) Recommendations. Answer: (1) Purpose: Online colleges or universities are made to offer training to the understudies who can't be display physically in the customary setting, for example, classroom. It has a point of a substantial scale intelligent interest and open access through or through web and other system innovations. Presently a day this methodology of learning or instruction is expanding. The broad utilization of machines and web has made the methodology of learning or instruction through online college quicker and less demanding. These are putting forth a full educational program as same as a typical college, yet as of late there is disaffirm between online college and the ordinary college. The online training database is an autonomous association whose mission is to construct a complete rundown certifies online universities (Welfens and Walther-Klaus, 2007). The motivation behind Retention rate is to screen or see in drawing in and holding understudies for the colleges. Retention rate is ascertained by net wag e of the college less profits isolated by Net Pay or Income. Development Rate is the rate of increment of the quantity of understudies of the colleges. Presently I am going to investigate between the retention rate and development rate of the online universities in USA. (2) Background: In higher studies are confronting disaffirm to pick school or colleges. Which school would it be a good idea for them to pick Online College or ordinary University? Lately understudies are picking online college rather than ordinary college. So there is showing up a greatest test in advanced education part has been late development of online colleges. So we need to investigate the development rate and retention rate of the online colleges in USA. (3) Technique or Method: For this examination we are making mean, minimum value, maximum value and standard deviation of the retention rate and advancement rate of the online universities or colleges of USA. Besides we are also using regression scientific explanation through graduation rate and retention rate (Mccraw, 2012). After that we are discovering the backslide co capable and measurably find the centrality between graduation rate and retention rate. (4) Results: As showed by the giving data set or surpass desires gave, we adequately circles or figure the conclusions. The outcomes are measured by the aid of some acceptable examination like mean, standard deviation, minimum value and maximum value using some item like Microsoft Office (MS- Excel). The giving data set of the syntheses furthermore its retention rate and graduation rate are in rate is shown in underneath by the help of table. College Retention Rate in percentage (%) Graduation Rate in percentage (%) Western International University 7 25 South University 51 25 University of Phoenix 4 28 American InterContinental University 29 32 Franklin University 33 33 Devry University 47 33 Tiffin University 63 34 Post University 45 36 Peirce College 60 36 Everest University 62 36 Upper Iowa University 67 36 Dickinson State University 65 37 Western Governors University 78 37 Kaplan University 75 38 Salem International University 54 39 Ashford University 45 41 ITT Technical Institute 38 44 Berkeley College 51 45 Grand Canyon University 69 46 Nova Southeastern University 60 47 Westwood College 37 48 Everglades University 63 50 Liberty University 73 51 LeTourneau University 78 52 Rasmussen College 48 53 Keiser University 95 55 Herzing College 68 56 National University 100 57 Florida National College 100 61 From the given information about the retention rate of online schools or colleges in USA we are going to make a scatter graph by tolerating the upkeep rate and advancement rate as free variable. As showed by the giving data set the most maximum value, minimum value, standard deviation and mean are exhibited in underneath by the aid of the table. Minimum 4 25 Maximum 100 61 Mean 57.41379 41.75862 Standard Deviation 23.24023 9.865724 The above table is measured or handling by the help of Microsoft Office or MS- Excel and its significant comparison or equation. Where, mean estimation of the Retention Rate is proportionate to total entire of the Retention Rate in rate (%) separated by the total no of online schools like 57.414 and moreover mean estimation of the Graduation Rate is equal to total aggregate of the Graduation Rate in rate (%) differentiated by the total no of online universities like 41.759 Correspondingly, the standard deviation is measured by = (( (x-)^2)/(N-1)) or Where, = the standard deviation x = each one estimation of the information set = the mean quality N = the quantity of qualities or size of the information set By the help of the above comparison or equation we will viably measured or learn the standard deviation of the retention rate is 23.2402 and furthermore the standard deviation of graduation rate is 9.8657 Quickly are making a scatter chart by taking under considered improvement rate and retention rate of the schools or colleges of USA is sown in below. From the spread diagram or disseminate graph we can see that advancement rate and support rate are bury related. If improvement rate will extend then support rate will moreover assemble. The rate of both retention and advancement are upward climbing. The method of basic least square is giving guarantee that gage the backslide line which is moreover the best fitting line, has been drawn from the given data (Drennan, 2002). Here in the above scatter plot the plot does not seem to lie close to the line. So we can say that the backslide line or the best fitting line will fit in amazingly well. Right away we are making an once-over yield or conclusions of regression measurements by an assumption. SUMMARY OUTPUT Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.621627987 R Square 0.386421354 Adjusted R Square 0.362822175 Standard Error 17.1688846 Observations 28 In a matter of seconds we are making a normal regression scientific statement proclamation and interpreting the coefficient inclination or incline. To do this we have expect the qualities. In the followings we have survey backslide and remaining. Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -0.427733114 15.09197951 -0.02834175 0.97760601 -31.44974098 30.59427475 -31.44974098 30.59427475 25 1.408074644 0.34797141 4.046523943 0.000414052 0.692809173 2.123340114 0.692809173 2.123340114 In the below table we are put on display the different regression and staying of df, SS, MS, F and Significance of F. we are furthermore giving their total. ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 4826.678724 4826.678724 16.37435602 0.000414052 Residual 26 7664.035561 294.7705985 Total 27 12490.71429 In the followings there is a graph of coefficients, standard error, t-Stat, P-value, lower and upper rates in percentage. Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -0.427733114 15.09197951 -0.02834175 0.97760601 -31.44974098 30.59427475 -31.44974098 30.59427475 25 1.408074644 0.34797141 4.046523943 0.000414052 0.692809173 2.123340114 0.692809173 2.123340114 In the going hand in hand with we are showing the observations, predication 7 and leftover/ residual in the below table from 1-28 different variables or components. RESIDUAL OUTPUT Observation Predicted 7 Residuals 1 34.77413297 16.22586703 2 38.9983569 -34.9983569 3 44.63065548 -15.63065548 4 46.03873012 -13.03873012 5 46.03873012 0.961269879 6 47.44680476 15.55319524 7 50.26295405 -5.262954052 8 50.26295405 9.737045948 9 50.26295405 11.73704595 10 50.26295405 16.73704595 11 51.6710287 13.3289713 12 51.6710287 26.3289713 13 53.07910334 21.92089666 14 54.48717798 -0.487177983 15 57.30332727 -12.30332727 16 61.5275512 -23.5275512 17 62.93562584 -11.93562584 18 64.34370049 4.656299513 19 65.75177513 -5.751775131 20 67.15984977 -30.15984977 21 69.97599906 -6.975999061 22 71.3840737 1.615926295 23 72.79214835 5.207851652 24 74.20022299 -26.20022299 25 77.01637228 17.98362772 26 78.42444692 -10.42444692 27 79.83252157 20.16747843 28 85.46482014 14.53517986 (5) Discussion: From the given data we have learned the regression scientific explanation. Translation or Interpretation of Coefficient as a change of rate of Y is situated up of as a change in the prohibitive mean of Y. There is no need of taking assurance breaks for coefficients into records. When we evaluate or deciphered a regression coefficient adequately as a rate of advancement of a prohibitive mean which is rather than a change in given two variables. It is all that much crucial to take into under thought the weakness in the estimation of the regression coefficient. As indicated by this procedure I have discovered the backslide numerical proclamation line. Which are y= 1.860x + 29.51 and y= 1.143x + 24.60. Of course I have taken a 95% assurance between time for the inclination or slant. The rate of advancement of the prohibitive mean of Y concerning x is evaluated to be some place around 1.860 and 1.143 is regularly attractive over saying; the rate of advancement of the unforeseen mean of Y with respect to x is close around 2 or more. The understanding of the coefficient of which is not genuinely gigantic. This kind of interpretations is frequently made shockingly (Canadian economy online, 2006). If the regression coefficient of t test is not measurably discriminating, this won't be the suitable to interpret or evaluate the coefficient. There is no accurately tremendous immediate which dependence of the mean of Y on x was perceived. In the translation or interpretation of coefficients in the various regressions with the same tongue or variable is in a broad sense used as a piece of single immediate regression. As demonstrated by the giving data set or exceed expectations sheet the retention rate estimation of the South University is much higher than valuation for the graduation rate regard. The retention rate regard in rate of the South University is 51% and the graduation rate estimation of the South College is only 25%. Thusly, the retention rate estimation of the South University is 26% more than the graduation rate regard. This is exhibited that the improvement of the school, which is moreover associated with the advancement of the college furthermore when the retention rate quality is extension than backslide rate estimation of the South University is in like manner augmentation. We unmistakably said that the retention rate estimation of the South University is moreover particularly with respect to the regression rate regarded (Ryan and Others, 2010). Hence backslide examination of the South University is incredible fit furthermore the improvement rate and the advancement of the South University is augmentation. Thusly, the amounts of the understudies are moreover augments and also the school is similarly offered some new stream or learning task for some new understudies. In this manner it is clearly said that the retention rate regard when addition than the arrangement of activity is in advantage. According to the giving data set or exceed expectations sheet the support rate estimation of the University of Phoenix is much lower than deference of the graduation rate regard. The retention rate regard in rate of the University of Phoenix is only 04% and also the graduation rate estimation of the University of Phoenix is 28%. In like manner, the graduation rate estimation of the University of Phoenix is 24% more than the retention rate regard. The retention rate worth is exhibited that the advancement of the school, which is similarly associated with the improvement of the university or college furthermore when the retention rate quality is development than the regression rate estimation of the University of Phoenix is also increase however in University of Phoenix the graduation rate quality is extensions and more than the retention rate regard. Hence the regression correlation of the University of Phoenix is terrible fit and furthermore the improvement rate and the advancement o f the University of Phoenix is reduction. Consequently, the amounts of the understudies are moreover reduces furthermore the school is completed not offered some new stream or learning framework for some new understudies. Likewise it is unmistakably said that the graduation rate regard when addition than the arrangement of activity is in hardship. (6) Recommendation or Suggestion: As per the above detailed analysis we will effortlessly measure some unmistakable examination like mean, standard deviation, minimum as well as maximum values and also regression estimations of some online colleges, which are additionally talked about in above. The retention rate esteem and the graduation rate estimation of the online colleges are additionally given in rate (%). By the assistance of the retention rate worth and graduation rate esteem we will likewise discover or measures the regression estimations of the online colleges (Levy, 2009). The regression estimations of the online colleges are likewise talks about in above. The regression estimations of the online colleges are likewise demonstrated the development of the online colleges like augmentations of the understudies, expanding the learning project and a few others, which is additionally related to the net benefit of the colleges or plan of action. References Anderson, K., Cockburn, J. and Martin, W. (2009). Would freeing up world trade reduce poverty and inequality?. Adelaide: Centre for International Economic Studies. Canadian economy online. (2005). Choice Reviews Online, 42(12), pp.42Sup-0465-42Sup-0465. Canadian economy online. (2006). Choice Reviews Online, 43(12), pp.43Sup-0519-43Sup-0519. Drennan, M. (2002). The information economy and American cities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Kerrigan Snyder, B. (2013). The unemployed college graduate's survival guide. Avon, Mass.: Adams Media. Levy, B. (2009). Town born. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. McCraw, T. (2012). The Founders and Finance. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Miller, N. (2010). Botanical aspects of environment and economy at Gordion, Turkey. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Quarter, J., Mook, L. and Ryan, S. (2010). Researching the social economy. Toronto [Ont.]: University of Toronto Press. The informal economy: underground economy, moonlighting, subcontracting, household economy, unorganized sector, barter, ghetto economy, second economy: a research guide. (1992). Choice Reviews Online, 29(07), pp.29-3647-29-3647. The new economy. (2003). Choice Reviews Online, 41(04), pp.41-2279-41-2279. Welfens, P. and Walther-Klaus, E. (2007). Digital excellence. Berlin: Springer

Noise Pollution Essay Example

Noise Pollution Paper The noise pollution created by cars is immense. Another polluting effect of cars is the heat it creates. This heat makes it unpleasant to be near the car while its running. And of course the most famous of the automobiles evils is the exhaust. The toxic fumes given off as a byproduct of the combustion engine are slowly deteriorating our lungs and our atmosphere. The exhaust is extremely toxic to human beings. But why do we do continue to drive these walking time bombs. Some people will say It is progress, but the majority drives it for the convenience. Why walk four miles in four hours when you can drive the AMA miles in four minutes? Another popular source of waste is the post-consumer market. American citizens throw away millions of tons of garbage each year, and this trash has to go somewhere. While there are projects underway to clean and reuse this refuse most of it gets dumped into huge landfills. These landfills are disgusting festering blisters on our countrys landscape. But people continue to consume and throw away more and more in the name of convenience. As they see it, when things get old, throw it away and get a new one. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They blame the government for the trash problem, but the truth blame should be placed on themselves. The last great source of pollution lays in the businesses. Although not common, businesses have been known to dump their waste products into streams, lakes, and rivers. This may seem like a relatively small occurrence that really is not your concern, but youre wrong. Each time one of these companies pollutes there are horrible consequences to pay. Mutations, destroyed ecosystems, and human death have all occurred as a direct result of illegal dumping. It contaminates our drinking water and soil. It causes entire communities of humans (not to mention animals) to move on to new places not to return for at least a century. The pollutants dumped by industry are so concentrated that a single barrel can destroy an entire lakes ecosystem. Not only do companies dump chemicals, but also hot water. This hot water kills most life it comes into contact with, but also causes an overgrowth of algae that covers the surface of the lake, or pond, and blocks the light from reaching the bottom. This means the plant life cannot grow, which mean the small bacteria and other microorganisms cant grow which means fish cant feed which means the ecosystem dies. Pollution like any other problem can be solved, but this is a long process. Individuals can do their part to save the environment as well as themselves. Instead of driving, carpool, take the bus or any other method of mass transit. This will cut down on pollution made by cars each year, not to mention your gas bill. When it comes to the trash problem, take the time to sort your trash and lace it in the appropriate recycling bins. By recycling we reduce the amount of waste piled onto the landfills. As for consumption, pay attention to how the products you buy are manufactured and how they are packaged. Avoid those products made in unfriendly ways towards our mother earth. If a product encourages the destruction of land, or is of completely no use dont buy it. And finally voice your opinion in the polls. If each individual did their part, we will be creating a better world for ourselves as well as our children. Noise Pollution Essay Example Noise Pollution Paper Whether knowingly or unknowingly, every one of us contributes to noise pollution, because most of our day-to- day activities generate some noise. Often neglected, noise pollution adversely affects the human being leading to irritation, loss of concentration, loss of hearing. Identify the sources of noise pollution. Once identified, the reason(s) for increased noise levels to be assessed. Now, efforts shall be made to reduce the undesired noise levels from (unwanted) noise generating sources. This leads to marginal reduction of noise levels. It is still UN-bearable scientific ethos of noise control shall be employed. The statutory Regulations have prescribed the noise level exposure limits. The public may complain to the statutory Board for violation of noise level limits by any noise generator. Suitable action will be taken to attenuate the noise levels and controlling pollution. It is advisable that suitable noise control measures be taken and reduces the interference of Statutory Board. It IS high time that everyone should do this bit in curbing the noise pollution, which is otherwise becoming as effective as SLOW POISONING. Noise can be defined as unwanted or undesirable sound. The word noise is derived from Latin word nausea meaning seasickness. Be it human or machine-created noise disrupts the activity and balance of life. Humans, animals, plants and even inert objects like buildings, monuments and bridges have been the victims of noise pollution. Noise pollution is considered as major hazards of modern life especially in urban areas-areas that are most industrialized and urbanize. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Noise by definition is unwanted sound, what is pleasant to some cars it may be extremely unpleasant to other, depending on a number of physiological factors the sweetest music, if it disturbs person ho is trying to concentrate or sleep is a noise to him. Just as the sound of pneumatic reverting hammer is noise to nearly everyone. Sound is a form of energy which is emitted by a vibrating body and on reaching the ear causes the sensation of hearing through nerves. Sounds produced by all vibrating bodies are not audible. The frequency limits of audibility are from 20 HAZE to 20,000 HAZE. A noise problem generally consists of three inter-related elements- the source, the receiver and the transmission path. This transmission path is usually the atmosphere through which the sound is propagated, but can include the structural materials of any building containing the receiver. Noise may be continuous or intermittent. Noise may be of high frequency or of low frequency which is undesired for a normal hearing. For example, the typical cry of a child produces sound, which is mostly unfavorable to normal hearing. Since it is unwanted sound, we call it noise. The discrimination and differentiation between sound and noise also depends upon the habit and interest Of the person/species receiving it, the ambient conditions and impact of the sound generated during that particular duration of time. There could be instances that, excellently rendered musical concert for example, may be felt as noise and exceptional music as well during the course of the concert! Sounds of frequencies less than 20 Haze are called infrasonic and greater than 20,0000 Haze are called ultrasonic. Since noise is also a sound, the terms noise and sound are synonymously used. Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of, sinusoidal plane waves which are characterized by these generic properties: C] 0 L] C] C L] Frequency, or its inverse, the period Wavelength Wave number Amplitude Sound pressure Sound intensity Speed of sound Direction SOURCES CAUSING NOISE POLLUTION: Road Traffic Noise Aircraft Noise Noise from Railroads Noise from Industry Noise from High Rise Buildings Noise from Construction Works Noise from Loudspeakers EFFECTS OF NOISE: Noise is one of the main pollution of the environment causing various hazardous consequences for human life. Noise not only impairs sensibility to auditory stimuli by masking effects, it has other consequence too. Studies have proved that a loud noise during peak hours creates tiredness, irritation ND impairs brain activities, so as to reduce thinking and working abilities. Its general effects on human being are that it covers disturbance in sleep which lead to other side effects. Control measures: Immediate measures Proper maintenance of vehicles Thick vegetation and growing trees on road side By lodging a formal complaint Raising obstruction and barriers between noise sources and residences. Prevention of use of loud speakers at loud levels etc. Noise from ducts or exhaust can be reduced by fitting silencers Long term measures Land use planning Infrastructure development measures Political will REGULATORY GUIDELINES: Statutory Regulatory guidelines were prescribed both for the ambient noise levels and for workspace environment noise levels. The Factories Act, 1948 prescribes the protection of workers against high noise levels (noise level > 90 db (A)). The State Pollution Control Board and Inspector of Factories have powers to administer the control of noise pollution. The Factories Act, 1948 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 0 Note: 1. Day time is reckoned in between 6 a. M. And 9 p. M. 2. Night time is reckoned in between 9 p. M. And 6 a. M. Application in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies: The EIA study ill be carried out to evaluate and assess the impacts of any proposed (or existing) activity on the environment. Noise is one of the environmental attributes, on which the likely impacts due to the proposed (or existing) activity need to study. The likely steps to be carried out while conducting noise level studies for an EIA project are summarized below. The EIA will be carried out for either proposed or existing activities. The sequential steps involved will be same for both the activities. D The likely activities that generate noise from the proposed activity are to be identified The typical sound (noise) levels of the noise generating sources are to be assessed either from literature or from a similar source. CLC The likely exposure time of a worker at a noise generating source is to be assessed from the plant / utility records. 0 The workspace environment noise levels are to be checked with OSHA standards. If the noise exposure levels are higher, suitable noise control measures like personal protective equipment, installation of barriers, enclosures etc. , need to be suggested. 0 The EIA will usually be carried out in an impact circle of radius 3 Km to 25 Km or even more depending on the objective and the likely activities of the proposed project. The representative baseline (or back ground) status of the ambient noise levels need to be collected by monitoring at various stations in the study zone. The ambient noise levels are to be analyzed for the prescribed parameters like, Leg, Old etc. , and compared with the ambient noise level standards for the study region. If these values are higher than the prescribed limits, the likely causes for the high values need to be assessed. 0 The likely impact of the noise levels from the proposed activity on the local environment keeping in view the saline status of noise levels need to be predicted. L] If the predicted impact is adverse, suitable measures for attenuating the noise levels like, green belt development, in-plant control measures etc. , need to be suggested. The objective of the EIA study is to make ensure that, the local environment, say noise, will not get affected by the noise levels emanated from the proposed activity. If the ambient noise levels are high, then control measures are suggested to the project proponent to ensure that, ambient noise levels will not increase due to the proposed activity. Noise pollution Essay Example Noise pollution Paper Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused banishes and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise. Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas. Indoor noise is caused by machines, building activities, music performances, and especially in some workplaces. There is no great difference whether noise-induced hearing loss is brought about by outside (e. G. Trains) or inside (e. G. Music) noise. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans, a rise in blood pressure, and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction, and an increased incidence Of coronary artery disease. In animals, noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance, interfere with reproduction and navigation, and contribute to permanent hearing loss. It is extremely important that we understand how sound pollution affects us. Some of us may be suffering from the negative effects of sound pollution and not know it because they dismiss it something trivial when it is actually not. Therefore this page will be dedicated to explaining exactly what noise pollution is about, what causes it, how to calculate sound and how fast it travels. We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Noise pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Effects Human [edit] Noise pollution affects both health and behavior. Unwanted sound (noise) can damage psychological health. Noise pollution can cause trouble, hypertension, high stress levels,tinnitus, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful Furthermore, stress and hypertension are the leading causes to health Sound comes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes ones quality of life. [8] Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males exposed to significant coco optional noise demonstrate more significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79. [9] A comparison of Mbabane tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U. S. Population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels Of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss. 3] High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight-hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in and vasoconstriction leading to authenticated blood pressure noted above, as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease. Noise pollution also is a cause of annoyance. A 2005 study by Spanish researchers found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros per decibel per year for noise reduction. 10] Wildlife[edit] Noise can have a detrimental effect on wild animals, increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance, and interfering the use of the sounds in communication, especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation. Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing. [1 1] An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause, which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction. Noise pollution has caused the death of certain species of whales that bigheartedness after being exposed to the loud sound of military 2] (see also Marine mammals and sonar). Noise also makes species communicate more loudly, which is called Lombard vocal response. [13] Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales song length is longer when submarine-detectors are on. [14] If creatures do not speak loudly enough, their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds. These unheard voices might be warnings, finding of prey, or preparations of net-bubbling. When one species egging speaking more loudly, it will mask other species voice, causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly. Marine invertebrates, such as crabs (Carious means), have also been shown to be impacted by ship Larger crabs were noted to be impacted more by the sounds than smaller crabs. Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization. 1 6] European Robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day, suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter, and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly. 17] The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night-time light pollution, to which the phenomenon often is attributed. Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise. This could alter a populations evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits, sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences. [1 8] CAUSES When one thinks of Unwanted Sounds or Noise Pollution, it always brings to mind images Of transportation vehicles, industrial machinery, construction ties, loud speaker, big events, etc. These are very common or usual reasons of noise pollution in our internal and external surroundings. This article will give you further information about the causes of disgusting noise in our environment. . Public/Private Transportation Vehicle these are one of the daily causes of noise pollution in our streets, public hi-way, etc. Why? Because in every kind of vehicle it creates disturbing sounds by starting the engines, blowing of horns, playing music from car amplifier, etc. As a result the city has now become exposed from these types of unavoidable and uncontrollable Jose. 2. Industrial Machinery there are so many various examples of industrial machinery that creates severe disturbing and hazardous sounds to the industrial workers. The multiple kinds of industrial machinery are huge generators, large compressors, cranes, furnaces, exhaust fans and many more. It is through these objects that adds distractions and complications in our ambiance. 3. Construction Sites we all know that every construction area uses huge equipments as part of their job like pay loader, crane, cement mixer, bulldozer, etc. These construction items are expected to perform vibrations and loud noise that can affect illnesses to all construction workers. 4. Loud Speaker using loud speaker in public or private areas like residential, commercial establishment, public market, Concert arena, etc. Can definitely and instantly contributes disturbing sounds in our community or environment. The sounds from the loud speakers can immediately spread in our atmosphere and undoubtedly becomes one of the causes of noise pollution. 5. Big Events we all love celebrating big events such as birthdays, anniversaries, house parties, festivals. But, do you realize how much noise oh and your special visitors can create unpleasant and very disturbing sounds in your external surroundings or neighborhood? While you and your friends are enjoying your special occasion, your angry neighborhoods are having difficulties in their sleeping hours. These are the common causes and very prominent distractions in our precious space or environment. But there are still many ways to avoid and to decrease the sounds of these unlikable and harmful sounds in your local area. With a strong understanding about the main cause of noise pollution in your area, you will surely find the perfect solution of this kind of dilemma. Measurement of Sound . The intensity of sound is measured on a scale called decibel scale or db scale. It measures the loudness of sound in terms or relative units of energy or power on a logarithm scale. The scale starts from O db and is considered as threshold of hearing which the human can hear. A sound of 10 db is ten times louder than O (zero) db and a sound of 20 db is 10 x 10 times louder and likewise a sound of 30 db is 10 x 10 x 10 times louder. Mitigation[edit] Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers, limitation Of vehicle speeds, alteration of roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy icicles, use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic operations, and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project. Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefited residents near airports. Industrial noise has been addressed since the asses via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace. Legal situated] Main article: Noise regulation up until the asses governments viewed noise as a nuisance rather than an environmental problem. In the United States, there are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes, urban planning, and roadway development. Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities. An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance, or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities.

Greyhound Lines free essay sample

The problems are time consuming to response the telephone calls, congestion, system crash, long waiting period, poor customer services and lose of customer confidence. 1. Was the decision facing Greyhound executives, programmed or non-programmed? Decisions made by a manager can be classified as programmed and non-programmed (Schermerhorn, 2011). Programmed decisions refer to solutions that are planned in advance from the previous experience and execute it to solve the routine problems (Majumdar, 2010). Managers use these decisions to solve common, direct and anticipated problems (Ramarao, 2010). On the other hand, non-programmed decisions refer to specific solutions that are made for unstructured problems (Majumdar, 2010). These problems are new and unanticipated (Majumdar, 2010). A manager has to resolve the problems in a condition of uncertainties and lack of information (Ramarao, 2010). Some non-programmed decisions must be made in time of crisis which means that an unpredictable problem can lead to tragedy if not being figured out immediately and properly (Schermerhorn, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Greyhound Lines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Greyhound executives faced non-programmed decisions. The problems can be proved in the case study, ‘the company was operating on paper-thin margins and could not afford to dispatch nearly empty vehicles or have buses and drivers on call to meet surges in demand’ and solved by ‘put together a reorganization plan that called massive cut in personnel, routes and services, along with the computerization of everything from passenger reservations to fleet scheduling’. Apart from that, the introduction of Trips created problems. Examples given in the case study are ‘the time Greyhound operators spent responding to telephone calls dramatically increased’, ‘many callers could not even get through because of problems in the new switching mechanism’, ‘the computers were so swamped that it sometimes took 45 seconds to respond to a single keystroke and five minutes to print a ticket. The system crashed so often that agents frequently had to hand-write tickets’ and ‘customers stood in long lines’, ‘missed connections’. Non-programmed decisions should be applied in these situations. Based on the case study, the reduction of workforce lead to few problems, which are ‘discourtesy to customers increased’ and ‘the number of passengers plunged sharply, and regional rivals continued to pick off Greyhound’s dissatisfied customers’. Greyhound executives faced non-programmed decision to overcome the problems. In my opinion, Greyhound executives should improve the decision made to ensure the company development. 2. Do you think Greyhound executive should have used the classical model, administrative model, political model or judgmental heuristics approach? Which do you believe they used? Discuss. Classical model is a prescriptive model (Schermerhorn, 2011). Manager that practices classical model achieves goals that are known and agreed upon, strives for certainty by consolidating complete data, owns good criteria to evaluate alternatives, makes decisions rationally and logically based on economic condition (Joshi, 2011). On the contrary, manager that implants administrative model is an intuitive thinker (Schermerhorn, 2011). Individual makes decisions in a situation that is full of ambiguities, lack of knowledge on the options and their results (Joshi, 2011). The satisfying decision is the first alternative that comes to mind (Schermerhorn, 2011). Decision making focuses on organizational rather than economic condition (Joshi, 2011). Political model emphasize on coalition building among members in organization (Bartol, 2008). Decisions made are complex because of the closely resembles of the real situation in which most managers and decision makers operate (Bartol, 2008). Disagreement and conflict over problem and solutions occur. Judgmental heuristics approach is created by 2 concepts, which are availability heuristics and satisfying (Schermerhorn, 2011). Availability heuristic is a decision maker’s propensity to base decisions on information that is readily available in the past experience (Schermerhorn, 2011). Satisfying is choosing a method to solve a problem that meets a minimum level of acceptance (Schermerhorn, 2011). Greyhound executives should have used classical model instead of administrative model. They should clearly define the problems before making decision. According to case study, roblems such as ‘the time Greyhound operators spent responding to telephone calls dramatically increased’ and ‘discourtesy to customers increased’ will not happened if they manage to clarify the problems before applying the solutions. Greyhound executives introduced a new system with the employees have limited knowledge on the system itself. This can be shown in the case study, Ã¢â‚¬Ë œthe human resources department pointed out that terminal workers often had less than a high school education and would need extensive training before they could be expected to use the system effectively’. They should introduce a system in a condition of certainty. Besides, they should consider all the suggestions made by the member of the organization before consolidating an optimizing decision. Nevertheless, they failed to do so and this is shown in the case study, ‘To reduce operating costs and improve customer service, Greyhound’s top executives put together a reorganization plan that called massive cut in personnel, routes and services, along with the computerization of everything from passenger reservations to fleet scheduling. However, middle managers disagreed with the plan’. In conclusion, Greyhound executives should have used classical model to solve the problems, which is an individual making decisions with the complete information. 3. Analyze the Greyhound’s case in term of the five steps of managerial decision-making process. Do you think top executives paid adequate attention to all the steps of the decision-making process? If you were a Greyhound executive, what would you do now and why? Managerial decision-making process is divided into five steps. They are identifying and defining the problem, generate and evaluate possible alternatives, select a preferred solution, apply the solution and evaluate the outcomes (Cliffs Notes, 2012). Identifying and defining the problems is the first step in decision-making process. This stage plays a crucial role in determining the way to resolve a problem (Schermerhorn, 2011). Greyhound executives did this step. The problem faced by Greyhound are clearly stated in the case study, which is ‘the company was operating on paper-thin margins and could not afford to dispatch nearly empty vehicles or have buses and drivers on call to meet surges in demand’. Next step is generating and evaluating possible alternatives. More information is collected and analysed to generate the alternatives (Cliffs Notes, 2012). The pros and cons of the possible solutions should be clearly stated. This stage encourages the commitment of more people in order to generate more ideas. Cost-benefit analysis is using in this stage by comparing the cost and the expected benefits of an alternative (Schermerhorn, 2011). Greyhound executive did not commit this step as they have no time to bring out lot of alternatives. After generated and evaluated the possible alternatives, we should choose a preferred solution (Cliffs Notes, 2012). Classical model and behavioral decision model can be seen clearly in choosing a solution (Schermerhorn, 2011). Classical model describes an individual making decision with complete information in a certain situation (Joshi, 2011). Behavioral decision making model describes an individual choosing solution with incomplete information in an uncertain situation (Schermerhorn, 2011). Since the Greyhound executives did not generate alternatives, they choose the first satisfying alternative that comes to the mind. Once the solution is being chosen, we should implement the solution. Actions will be taken to solve the problems. Goals are set to be achieved (Schermerhorn, 2011). According to the case study, Greyhound executives accomplish this stage by ‘putting together a reorganization plan that called massive cut in personnel, routes and services, along with the computerization of everything from passenger reservations to fleet scheduling’ in order to cut down the operating cost and improve customer service. Lastly, results should be evaluated to complete the decision-making process. If the expected results are not achieved, the process must be recycled for corrective purpose (Schermerhorn, 2011). Based on the case study, ‘many felt that huge workforce reductions would only exacerbate the company’s real problem regarding customer service’, the executives should formulate corrective solutions after knowing the alternative that being chosen is failed. However, they did nothing in this stage. In a nutshell, Greyhound executives actually accomplish the first and the forth steps and partially or did not accomplish the other steps. If I am a Greyhound executive, I will create a 24 hours customer service hotline. This helps the company to collect and gather the customer feedback. Then, the company executive will analyze the collected data and response to the customer’s complaints. By doing this, the company can improve customer service and built up the customer confidence. Furthermore, Greyhound Lines should hire more experienced and higher education employees to operate Trips. Other than that, providing extensive training to the existing employees is another way to improve the knowledge on operating the computerized systems.

Morrie essays

Morrie essays If you knew that you only had a few months left to live, what would you do? Would you "wither up and disappear", or make the best of your time left. Morrie Schwartz (Tuesdays With Morrie) chose to touch others lives with the knowledge and experience he had gained througout his life as a teacher. "Look, no matter where you live, the biggest defect we human beings have is our short sightedness. We don't see what could be. We should be looking at our potential, stretching ourselves into everything we can become." This is a powerful quote that really made me realize that one must always be looking forward in his life. One must look into his heart to find the goals and dreams that he really wants to attain. A person must not dwell on past experiences and faliures, but keep striving for his beliefs and dreams. Morrie also talks about the material things that seem to consume today's society. "We put our values into the wrong things. And it leads to very disillusioned lives." This section made me realize how materlistic our society has become. People generally do judge one another based on the amount of money they make,the kind of job they have, the clothes they wear, or the car they drive. Society must look beyond the material things and see people for who they really are. They need to judge people based on what comes from the heart and not from their wallet. In conclusion, Tuesdays With Morrie is an important novel that truly teaches the value of life. It provoked a number of thoughts that I had never really considered. After reading this novel I can honestly say that I began looking at life in a whole new respect. I was able to look at the bright side of each day, and treat people with the respect that they deserve. ...

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic - Essay Example This has caused concern for a number of factors in the market to include the banking and construction industry. When a low turn-over of homes occurs, new construction stalls and peters out and older pre-existing homes may cause a short burst in refurbishment industries but inventory movement remains stale. According to the media report, trust in real estate as an investment vehicle has declined by half since 2003. As with all complex phenomenon, a number factors explain why it is happening the way it is. Over time, the housing industry will find equilibrium as housing prices drop to a level the market deems sufficient for decreased prices and buyers may start purchasing again. One can anticipate the construction trades getting hit the hardest and see lay-offs and smaller contracting companies going under. Home improvement goods and services may see an uptick in business as more homeowners seek to repair or improve present dwellings instead of buying another home. Who are the key stak eholders that are impacted by the issue outlined in the report? Include a discussion of all groups that may be impacted by the issue raised in this report Highlight what you believe the main impacts will be in outline who you believe will be impacted most The construction companies and potential homeowners are the most severely affected groups here. The bankers will suffer only in the departments directly related to issuing and maintaining mortgage notes and securities. Of course, if the loans are packaged and leave the local lenders to be securitized in bundles of investments, the effect will only be on the amount of loan traffic coming into the local lending institutions. The construction trade tends to attract both unskilled and skilled laborers whose seasons of employment will most severely affected by the downturn of sales. Entire swaths of the industry will suffer a dearth of employment especially affecting the unskilled laborer. The skilled laborers do have the opportunity to move directly to providing services to remodel and refurbish existing homes for homeowners who find the prospect of buying a new home burdensome right now. What economic theories can be drawn from this media report? List and discuss what economic theories you can find in this article Provide a brief outline of the theory you are highlighting Provide evidence from the article to support these theories. Remember there may be more than one theory to discuss The Law of Supply and Demand is the most important economic theory to be considered in this media report. In its simplest form, it demonstrates that limitations or constraints on either supply or demand will have an effect on price (Kirzner, 2000). Prices, when unfettered, are the clearest signals for how to rationally allocate scarce or abundant economic resources. Economics at its most basic is the examination of the rational (or sometimes irrational, as in bubbles) allocation of goods and services. One important note, it is rele vant in a market or mixed economy but not necessarily in central planning or socialist economies where the Law of Supply and Demand tends to be fogged by irrational price signals and gross misallocation since the end-users don’t have a vote with their feet. The Law assumes that there is a price equilibrium at which producers and